Report co-authored by Middlesex academic discovers that obesity is increasing more rapidly in the world’s rural areas than in cities
Dr Mariachiara Di Cesare from the department of Natural Sciences and the Centre for Public Health and Risk Management at Middlesex has co-authored a new study published in Nature and led by Imperial College London which has analysed the height and weight data of more than 112 million adults across urban and rural areas of 200 countries and territories between 1985 and 2017.
Height and weight can be used to calculate BMI, an internationally recognised scale which tells us whether an individual has a healthy weight for their height.
The study, involving a network of more than 1000 researchers across the world, found that from 1985 to 2017, BMI rose by an average of 2.0 kg/m2 in women and 2.2 kg/m2 in men globally, equivalent to each person becoming 5-6 kg heavier. More than half of the global rise over these 33 years was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. In some low- and middle-income countries, rural areas were responsible for over 80 per cent of the increase.
The team found that since 1985, average BMI in rural areas has increased by 2.1 kg/m2 in both women and men. But in cities, the increase was 1.3 kg/m2 and 1.6 kg/m2 in women and men respectively.
These trends have led to striking changes in the geography of BMI over the three decades. In 1985, urban men and women in over three quarters of the countries had a higher BMI than their rural counterparts. Over time, the gap between urban and rural BMI in many of these countries shrank or even reversed.
”The idea that living in rural areas is a protective factor for obesity and a risk factor for undernutrition is not valid anymore. As we progress towards reducing undernutrition in rural areas we may replace it with systems that facilitate consumption of low-quality, energy-dense foods. Tackling malnutrition in all its forms requires integrated actions in which government, civil society, and private sector focus on production and equitable access to healthy nutrition” Dr Mariachiara Di Cesare, Middlesex University
The team found important differences between high-, middle-, and low-income countries. In high-income countries, the study showed that BMI has been generally higher in rural areas since 1985, especially for women. The researchers suggest this is due to the disadvantages experienced by those living outside cities: lower income and education, limited availability and higher price of healthy foods, and fewer leisure and sports facilities.
“Discussions around public health tend to focus more on the negative aspects of living in cities,” explains senior author Professor Majid Ezzati of Imperial’s School of Public Health. “In fact, cities provide a wealth of opportunities for better nutrition, more physical exercise and recreation, and overall improved health. These things are often harder to find in rural areas.”
Meanwhile, rural areas in low- and middle-income countries have seen shifts towards higher incomes, better infrastructure, more mechanised agriculture and increased car use, all of which bring numerous health benefits, but also lead to lower energy expenditure and to more spending on food, which can be processed and low-quality when sufficient regulations are not in place. All these factors contribute to faster increase in BMI in rural areas.
“As countries increase in wealth, the challenge for rural populations changes from affording enough to eat, to affording good quality food,” adds Professor Ezzati.
The main exception to the global trend was sub-Saharan Africa where women gained weight more rapidly in cities, possibly because of more low-energy work (such as office work), less need for physical domestic tasks such as collecting firewood and fetching water, shorter commutes and greater access to processed foods.
Regional and country data on BMI in rural and urban populations
Among men, BMI increased in every country, with the largest increases in Saint Lucia, Bahrain, Peru, China, Dominican Republic and the USA, all by more than 3.1 kg/m2.
Rural women in Bangladesh had the lowest BMI recorded in the study in 1985, at 17.7 kg/m2. Men living in rural Ethiopia had the lowest male BMI at 18.4 kg/m2, also in 1985.
Urban women from the US South Pacific territory of American Samoa had the highest BMI recorded, at 35.4 kg/m2 in 2017. Rural men from the same country were highest for males, at 34.6 kg/m2 also in 2017.
In 2017, urban women and men in sub-Saharan Africa weighed more than their rural counterparts by a bigger margin than anywhere else, especially women in west African countries like Niger, Burkina Faso, Togo and Ghana.
Rural women in central and eastern European countries were heavier than their urban counterparts by the biggest margin – around 1 kg/m2 or more in Belarus, Czech Republic and Latvia. This gap has remained largely unchanged since 1985.
For rural men, the biggest margins of rural over urban BMI were in Sweden, Czech Republic, Ireland, Australia, Austria and the USA – all with rural BMI more than 0.35 kg/m2 higher than urban BMI.
The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences.
Obesity rising faster in rural areas than cities
Height and weight can be used to calculate BMI, an internationally recognised scale which tells us whether an individual has a healthy weight for their height.
The study, involving a network of more than 1000 researchers across the world, found that from 1985 to 2017, BMI rose by an average of 2.0 kg/m2 in women and 2.2 kg/m2 in men globally, equivalent to each person becoming 5-6 kg heavier. More than half of the global rise over these 33 years was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. In some low- and middle-income countries, rural areas were responsible for over 80 per cent of the increase.
The team found that since 1985, average BMI in rural areas has increased by 2.1 kg/m2 in both women and men. But in cities, the increase was 1.3 kg/m2 and 1.6 kg/m2 in women and men respectively.
These trends have led to striking changes in the geography of BMI over the three decades. In 1985, urban men and women in over three quarters of the countries had a higher BMI than their rural counterparts. Over time, the gap between urban and rural BMI in many of these countries shrank or even reversed.
The team found important differences between high-, middle-, and low-income countries. In high-income countries, the study showed that BMI has been generally higher in rural areas since 1985, especially for women. The researchers suggest this is due to the disadvantages experienced by those living outside cities: lower income and education, limited availability and higher price of healthy foods, and fewer leisure and sports facilities.
“Discussions around public health tend to focus more on the negative aspects of living in cities,” explains senior author Professor Majid Ezzati of Imperial’s School of Public Health. “In fact, cities provide a wealth of opportunities for better nutrition, more physical exercise and recreation, and overall improved health. These things are often harder to find in rural areas.”
Meanwhile, rural areas in low- and middle-income countries have seen shifts towards higher incomes, better infrastructure, more mechanised agriculture and increased car use, all of which bring numerous health benefits, but also lead to lower energy expenditure and to more spending on food, which can be processed and low-quality when sufficient regulations are not in place. All these factors contribute to faster increase in BMI in rural areas.
“As countries increase in wealth, the challenge for rural populations changes from affording enough to eat, to affording good quality food,” adds Professor Ezzati.
The main exception to the global trend was sub-Saharan Africa where women gained weight more rapidly in cities, possibly because of more low-energy work (such as office work), less need for physical domestic tasks such as collecting firewood and fetching water, shorter commutes and greater access to processed foods.
Regional and country data on BMI in rural and urban populations
The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences.
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